Instrument Cable Layout

Instrument Cable Layout shows routing of instrument cables according to plant or platform layout. In addition, instrument cable layout shows the details related to instrumentation cable such as:

• Location of field devices to be wired.
• Location of junction box.
• Cable number.
• Cable going up/down.

Reference drawing: Instrument Location Plan

• From Instrument Location Plan, disregard the instrument which does not require wiring such as Gauges, Pressure Safety Valve, etc.
• Route the electronic instrument to the nearest junction box accordingly (make necessary separation to junction box for analog or digital, SIS or BPCS or Fire & Gas, IS or Non-IS).
• Route the multi-pair/multi-core cable from junction box to control room/other rooms.

Cable routing should be as short as possible, however consider some factors which should be avoided such as high interference noise, hot source, etc. Please refer to API 552.

The purpose of instrument cable layout
Instrument cable layout together with interconnection block diagram are to be used as a reference for preparing instrument cable schedule in determining the following:

• List of the cable required and its length
• The point of source and destination of cable end connection

Instrument cable layout is also a reference to identify the existence of all instrument cables in the plant or platform.
No example is provided here since instrument cable layout depends on plant or platform layout. However below symbols may be used for items related to instrument cable layout.

Note that, above example shows symbols which may differ among projects. The important thing is one shall be consistent with the symbol in the entireinstrument cable layout drawing and shall list the symbols in the legend section.

Instrumentation Cable standards

1. IEC 60331 - Tests for electric cables under fire conditions – Circuit integrity
Consist of :
IEC 60331 1970 Publ. Fire Resisting Charecteristics of Electric Cables
IEC 60331-1-2009 Part 1 Test method for fire with shock at a temp of at least 830 °C for cable 0,61,0 kV
IEC 60331-2-2009 Part 2 Test method for fire with shock at a temp of at least 830 °C for cable 0,61,0 kV
IEC 60331-3-2009 Part 3 Test method for fire with shock at a temp of at least 830 °C for cable 0,61,0 kV
IEC 60331-11 - 1999 - Part 11 Apparatus – Fire alone at a flame temperature 750 °C
IEC 60331-12 2002 Part 12 Apparatus – Fire with shock at a temperature of at least 830 °C
IEC 60331-31 2002 Part 31-Procedure & rqrmnt for fire with schock for cable 0.6 KV
IEC 60331 - Tests for electric cables under fire conditions

2. BS EN 50288-1-2003Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control.

3. BS EN 61034-2-2005 Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions.

 

4. BS EN 50290 - Communication cables.rar 1.733 MB
Consist of :
BS EN 50290-1-2-2004 Definition
BS EN 50290-1-1-2001 General
BS EN 50290-2-1-2005 Common design rules and construction
BS EN 50290-2-20-2001 Common design rules and construction – General
BS EN 50290-2-23-2002 PE insulation
BS EN 50290-2-24-2002 PE sheathing
BS EN 50290-2-25-2002 Polypropylene insulation compounds
BS EN 50290-2-27-2002 Halogen free flame retardant thermoplastic sheathing compounds
BS EN 50290-2-28-2002 Filling compounds for filled cables

5. ISO 4589 - Plastics .
NF EN ISO 4589-1-1999 Guidance.
DIN EN ISO 4589-2-2006 Ambient-temperature test.

Instrument Cable

Instrument Cable Specification


During detailed design project, the cable shall be selected with suitable specification for the  intended application. In the beginning of the project, the specification for each cable part shall be carefully specified to satisfy the requirement of application and environmental condition. Normally the instrument cable consists of conductors, insulation, screen/shield, armor and outer jacket therefore the specification should covers and details each of them. The following information only describes the structure and its example, however the specification for each project may differ and shall be evaluated case by case hence details specified herein is not recommended to be copied and used directly.

Conductor (to transfer the electrical current from higher voltage to lower voltage point)

• Conductor material, commonly used material is copper. Tinned coated copper may also be selected to prevent copper oxides which provides more durable and corrosion resistance

• Design of the conductor, whether solid, stranded, flexible. Stranded conductor means the conductor is not single, instead it consists of several smaller size conductors which allow more flexibility.

• Size of the conductor cross section. Determining the size of the conductor requires information of the device operating voltage and current, length and resistance of the cable as they will contribute to the voltage drop across the cable. Cable shall be sized and ensured that the device at the end of the cable will function properly at a given voltage.

Insulation (to physically and electrically separate each conductors)

• Insulation material

The choice of insulation material is driven by several requirements such as electrical transmission properties, minimum and maximum temperature rating, burning behavior, abrasion and corrosion resistant

• Insulation thickness

The selection of insulation thickness, together with conductor specification, will be determined from the requirement of the voltage rating and cable strength. Note that the insulation thickness also contributes to the the flexibility of the cable.

Screen (to prevent interference)
Screen is constructed from aluminized polyester film/tape which provide protection from external interference. The aluminum tape is spirally wrapped with 25% overlap to guarantee 100% coverage of cable element including in bending area. Screen also consists of copper drain wire of which shall be electrically in contact with the screen along the cable.

Armor (to protect the cable against mechanical stress/load during construction and operation)
The selection of cable armor mainly depends on the cable installation and required mechanical properties such as maximum tensile loads, pressure loads, protection against rodent, minimum bending radius, direct burial installation. There are several types of cable such as galvanized steel wire braid, galvanized steel wire tape and galvanize steel wire round armor which each has advantages over each others.

Outher Sheath / Jacket (to physically protects the internal components of a cable)
Material of outer cable sheath/jacket shall be selected with regards to the following consideration:

• Environmental condition (humidity, temperature, solar radiation)
• Method of installation (indoor, outdoor, direct buried, on trays, etc.
• Possibility of oil, chemical spills or abrasion
• Behavior in fire (low smoke, zero halogen to avoid toxicant)
• Flame retardant or fire resistant

Sparing philosophy
Determining the number of wire in multipair or multicore cable shall consider future expansion and maintenance.

Other requirement
Twisted pair shall be specified in 4-20mA analog signal cable to reduce the effect of interference. As recommended by API 552 Transmission System, twisted wire shall have minimum of six crossover per foot. Eight crossover per foot is a typical specification.

Specifications :

• CSA C22.2 No.239 :  

         - Type CIC (Control & Instrumentation Control)

         - Type ACID (Armoured Control & Instrumentation Cable)    

• CSA C22.2 No.174 , Hazardous locatation (HL), Armoured Cable only :

          - Class I Zone 1 (Division 1) & Zone 2 (Division 2).
          - Class II Division 1 & 2.

• CSA 22.2 No. 75, Thermoplastic (PVC) Insulated Conductors.

• CSA C22.2 No. 38, Thermoplastic (XLPE) Insulated Conductors.

• CSA FT4 (Vertical Tray Flame Test).

• Fire Retardant LOW ACID PVC.

• Sunlight Resistant.

•  -40

-->°C to +90°C (Dry), 75°C (Wet)

SYSTEM PLANNING SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

The following documents and design tools are aimed at electricians, solar technicians, and professional planners. They offer interesting additional information for all relevant questions regarding the planning of PV systems.

DIRECT CURRENT ( DC ).

Ground connection for thin-film modules and back-contact PV modules

• Sunny Boy Grounding Set (PDF)

String fuses/reverse current

• Using string fuses with Sunny Mini Central 9000TL / 10000TL / 11000TL (PDF)
  
• Advice on generator configuration (PDF)

Module technology

• The right solution for every solar module (PDF)

Discharge currents

• Information on the design of transformerless inverters (PDF

SOLAR INVERTERS.

Product overview

• Poster Sunny Boy / Sunny Mini Central (PDF)
  

Texts for Invitation

• Text for invitation of Sunny Boy / Sunny Mini Central / Sunny Tripower (XLS)

System design

• Sunny Design (to product page)
  
  
• Capacitive Discharge Currents - Information on the system layout for transformerless inverters (PDF)

Grid interface

• Influence of grid properties on the connected power of PV inverters (PDF)

Installation

• Mounting on wooden surfaces (limitations for mounting on wood for PV inverters Sunny Boy and Sunny Mini Central) (PDF)
  
  
• Temperature Derating (PDF)
  
  
• Overview of the compatibility between common grid forms and SMA inverters (PDF)
  
  
• Lightning protection and surge protection (PDF)
  
  
• Shade management - Efficient operation of partially shaded PV plants with OptiTrac Global Peak (PDF)
  
  
• Advisory Guide String inverters - Decentralized Inverter Technology in Large-Scale PV Plants (PDF)

Measuring accuracy

• Energy values and efficiency for PV inverters Sunny Boy and Sunny Mini Central (PDF)

Electromagnetic (Environmental) Compatibility

• Effects of electromagnetic fields and the requirements of the relevant EC
  regulations on the subject of EMC and EMEC (PDF)

ALTERNATE CURRENT.

Grid connection

• Reactive Power and Grid Integration with SUNNY MINI CENTRAL and SUNNY TRIPOWER (PDF)
  
  
• Requirements for the AC device connection for Sunny Mini Central 9000TL/10000TL/11000TL (PDF)
  
  
• Influence of grid properties on the connected power of PV inverters (PDF)
  
  
• Dimensioning of suitable line circuit breakers for inverters subject to PV-specific influences (PDF)
  
  
• Use of residual current devices (PDF)
  
  
• Three-phase grid connection with Sunny Mini Central (PDF)

Power calculations

• Design of a three-phase current line (XLS)

Solar Energy Advantages Disadvantages

This page is a review of the technological and economical of solar energy advantages disadvantages. The advantages get a lot of publicity, to balance the picture the disadvantages and limitations are highlighted.

Advantages of Solar Energy

In this section I will discuss the solar energy advantages, disadvantages will be discussed in the next paragraph. The advantages are:

• Residential solar power generators are silent.
• Photovoltaic generating systems have no moving part therefore they require a very low maintenance effort, they are reliable and the life expectancy of solar generators can exceed 20 years.
• Domestic solar electricity generation systems do not emit polluting gases and do not produce carbon dioxide. It is expected (we already see the initiatives in Europe) that taxes will be imposed on carbon dioxide emissions. You can preempt these future carbon dioxide taxes by installing a residential solar power system and a domestic solar powered hot water heater.
• Once the initial investment is covered, electricity supply from the solar generator is effectively free of charge. Based on the last decade trend and with the political turmoil in the Middle East, it is expected that utility electricity will be more and more expensive in the future to reflect the higher prices of fuel; therefore securing a free of charge electricity during the expected future escalation of energy prices is really a benefit

Advantages of Solar Energy

In this section I will discuss the solar energy advantages, disadvantages will be discussed in the next paragraph. The advantages are:

• Residential solar power generators are silent.
• Photovoltaic generating systems have no moving part therefore they require a very low maintenance effort, they are reliable and the life expectancy of solar generators can exceed 20 years.
• Domestic solar electricity generation systems do not emit polluting gases and do not produce carbon dioxide. It is expected (we already see the initiatives in Europe) that taxes will be imposed on carbon dioxide emissions. You can preempt these future carbon dioxide taxes by installing a residential solar power system and a domestic solar powered hot water heater.
• Once the initial investment is covered, electricity supply from the solar generator is effectively free of charge. Based on the last decade trend and with the political turmoil in the Middle East, it is expected that utility electricity will be more and more expensive in the future to reflect the higher prices of fuel; therefore securing a free of charge electricity during the expected future escalation of energy prices is really a benefit

Off-Grid Solar Power System

This system will deliver a maximum of 180 watts/15 amps of power via each of two 12-volt cigarette lighter sockets, 140-150 watts of continuous 120VAC/60Hz pure sine wave power via a power inverter, and is wired and fused accordingly. The maximum combined deliverable power at any given moment is approximately 300 watts, limited by the drop in the battery voltage at a discharge current of approximately 25 amps, and is protected against over-current by a 30-amp ATC fuse. If the combined power draw of your electronic devices is 60 watts, the battery will last approximately 4 hours in the absence of incoming solar power before it needs to be recharged, longer if the power draw is less. If the current draw from either of the cigarette lighter sockets exceeds 15 amps, a 15-amp ATC fuse will blow, and will need to be replaced (simple to do; extras included). If the power draw from the inverter exceeds its continuous or surge wattage ratings, it will turn off, and then will need to be re-set (switch inverter power button off, then back on), or a 20-amp ATC fuse will blow and will need to be replaced (extras included).

The battery, solar charge controller, power inverter, 12-volt DC power distributor, wiring, and accessories are housed in a water-, crush-, and dust-proof, protective carrying case in black. The power system components are secured and padded inside the case by custom-configured cubed foam. The solar panel remains outside of the case. Off-Grid Solar Power System - #1 comes with: Battery: 26 amp-hour (312 watt-hour), adsorbed glass mat, sealed lead acid. Solar Charge Controller: 7-amp unit that is protected by a 7.5-amp ATC fuse. Power inverter: continuous 150-watt, pure sine wave unit that is protected by a 15-amp ATC fuse. Solar panel: one foldable 72-watt unit that weighs 6.4 pounds, and that will require 5-6 hours of peak sunlight to recharge the battery from empty to full. To charge the battery via a standard AC receptacle, included is one 3-amp, AC-powered battery charger. To charge the battery via an automobile 12-volt DC cigarette lighter socket, included is one male DC plug with cable.

The case measures 18.50 x 14.06 x 6.93 inches in external dimensions, and the entire system weighs approximately 37 pounds.

This system will deliver a maximum of 180 watts of power/15 amps via each of two12-volt cigarette lighter sockets (limited by 15-amp fuses), 150 watts of continuous 120VAC/60Hz power via an inverter (limited by the inverter circuitry), and is wired and fused accordingly. The maximum combined deliverable power at any given time is 360 watts/30 amps, and is limited by a 30-amp ATC fuse. If the combined power draw of your electronic devices is 60 watts, the battery will last approximately 3.5-4 hours in the absence of incoming solar power before it needs to be recharged, longer if the power draw is less. If the power draw from either of the cigarette lighter sockets exceeds 180 watts, a 15-amp ATC fuse will blow, and will need to be replaced (simple to do; extras included). If the power draw from the inverter exceeds its continuous or surge wattage ratings, it will turn off, and then automatically reset itself, or a 20-amp ATC fuse will blow and will need to be replaced (easy to do; extras included).

The battery, solar charge controller, power inverter, 12-volt DC power distributor, solar panel, wiring, and accessories are housed in a water-, crush-, and dust-proof, protective carrying case in yellow. The power system components are secured and padded inside the case by custom-configured foam. Off-Grid Solar Power System - #2 comes with: Battery: 26 amp-hour (312 watt-hour), adsorbed glass mat, sealed lead acid. Solar Charge Controller: 7-amp unit protected by a 7.5-amp ATC fuse. Power inverter: continuous 150-watt, modified sine wave unit. Solar panel: one foldable 72-watt unit that will require 5-6 hours of peak sunlight to recharge the battery from empty to full, and that weighs 6.4 pounds. To charge the battery via a standard AC receptacle, included is one 3-amp, AC-powered battery charger that is protected by a 5-amp ATC fuse. To charge the battery via an automobile 12-volt DC power socket, included is one male DC plug with cable.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ZELIO LOGIC AND TWIDO HARDWARE?

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

ZELIO LOGIC AND TWIDO HARDWARE?